What is Reference type and value type ?
Reference Type:
Reference types are allocated on the managed CLR heap, just like object types.
A data type that is stored as a reference to the value's location. The value of a reference type is the location of the sequence of bits
that represent the type's data. Reference types can be self-describing types, pointer types, or interface types
Value Type:
Value types are allocated on the stack just like primitive types in VBScript, VB6 and C/C++. Value types are not instantiated using new go out of scope when the function they are defined within returns.
Value types in the CLR are defined as types that derive from system.valueType.
A data type that fully describes a value by specifying the sequence of bits that constitutes the value's representation. Type information for a value type instance is not stored with the instance at run time, but it is available in metadata. Value type instances can be treated as objects using boxing.
What is Boxing and unboxing ?
Boxing:
The conversion of a value type instance to an object, which implies that the instance will carry full type information at run time and will be allocated in the heap. The Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) instruction set's box instruction converts a value type to an object by making a copy of the value type and embedding it in a newly allocated object.
Un-Boxing:
The conversion of an object instance to a value type.
What is JIT and how is works ?
An acronym for "just-in-time," a phrase that describes an action that is taken only when it becomes necessary, such as just-in-time compilation or just-in- time object activation
What is portable executable (PE) ?
The file format used for executable programs and for files to be linked together to form executable programs
What is strong name?
A name that consists of an assembly's identity—its simple text name, version number, and culture information (if provided)—strengthened by a public key and a digital signature generated over the assembly. Because the assembly manifest contains file hashes for all the files that constitute the assembly implementation, it is sufficient to generate the digital signature over just the
one file in the assembly that contains the assembly manifest. Assemblies
with the same strong name are expected to be identical
What is global assembly cache?
A machine-wide code cache that stores assemblies specifically installed to be shared by many applications on the computer. Applications deployed in the global assembly cache must have a strong name.
What is difference between constants, readonly and, static ?
Constants: The value can’t be changed
Read-only: The value will be initialized only once from the constructor of the class.
Static: Value can be initialized once.
What is difference between shared and public?
An assembly that can be referenced by more than one application. An assembly must be explicitly built to be shared by giving it a cryptographically strong name.
What is namespace used for loading assemblies at run time and name the methods?
System.Reflection
What are the types of authentication in .net?
We have three types of authentication:
1. Form authentication
2. Windows authentication
3. Passport
This has to be declared in web.config file.
What is the difference between a Struct and a Class ?
The struct type is suitable for representing lightweight objects such as Point, Rectangle, and Color. Although it is possible to represent a point as a class, a struct is more efficient in some scenarios. For example, if you declare an array of 1000 Point objects,
you will allocate additional memory for referencing each object. In this case, the struct is less expensive.
When you create a struct object using the new operator, it gets created and the appropriate constructor is called. Unlike classes, structs can be instantiated without using the new operator. If you do not use new, the fields will remain unassigned and the object cannot be used until all of the fields
are initialized. It is an error to declare a default (parameterless) constructor for a struct. A default constructor is always provided to initialize the struct
members to their default values.
It is an error to initialize an instance field in a struct.
There is no inheritance for structs as there is for classes. A struct cannot inherit from another struct or class, and it cannot be the base of a class. Structs, however, inherit from the base class Object. A struct can implement interfaces, and it does that exactly as classes do.
A struct is a value type, while a class is a reference type.
How big is the datatype int in .NET?
32 bits.
How big is the char?
16 bits (Unicode).
How do you initiate a string without escaping each backslash?
Put an @ sign in front of the double-quoted string.
What's the access level of the visibility type internal?
Current application.
Explain encapsulation ?
The implementation is hidden, the interface is exposed.
What data type should you use if you want an 8-bit value that's signed?
sbyte.
Speaking of Boolean data types, what's different between C# and
C/C++?
There's no conversion between 0 and false, as well as any other number and true, like in C/C++.
Where are the value-type variables allocated in the computer RAM?
Stack.
Where do the reference-type variables go in the RAM?
The references go on the stack, while the objects themselves go on the heap.
What is the difference between the value-type variables and reference-type variables in terms of garbage collection?
The value-type variables are not garbage-collected, they just fall off the
stack when they fall out of scope, the reference-type objects are picked up by GC when their references go null.
How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?
Int32.Parse(string)
How do you box a primitive data type variable?
Assign it to the object, pass an object.
Why do you need to box a primitive variable?
To pass it by reference.
What's the difference between Java and .NET garbage collectors? Sun left the implementation of a specific garbage collector up to the JRE developer, so their performance varies widely, depending on whose JRE you're using. Microsoft standardized on their garbage collection.
How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET?
System.GC.Collect();
What's different about namespace declaration when comparing that to package declaration in Java?
No semicolon.
What's the difference between const and readonly?
You can initialize readonly variables to some runtime values. Let's say your program uses current date and time as one of the values that won't change. This way you declare public readonly string DateT = new DateTime().ToString().
What happens when you encounter a continue statement inside the for loop?
The code for the rest of the loop is ignored, the control is transferred back to
the beginning of the loop.
What's the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over
System.String?
StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it's being operated on, a new instance is created.
Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?
No.
What's the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and
System.Array.Clone()?
The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow.
How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
What's the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key?
HashTable.
What's class SortedList underneath?
A sorted HashTable.
Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred?
Yes.
Can multiple catch blocks be executed?
No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block.
Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions?
Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle that error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies some design flaws in the project.
What's a delegate?
A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as function pointers.
What's a multicast delegate?
It's a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods.
How's the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET?
Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.
What are the ways to deploy an assembly?
An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.
What's a satellite assembly?
When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.
What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?
System.Globalization, System.Resources
What does assert() do?
In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.
What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class? Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds.
Why are there five tracing levels in
System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?
The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities.
Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?
To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?
System.Globalization, System.Resources.
What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test
cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C#
application?
Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
What's the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the class' set method?
Value, and it's datatype depends on whatever variable we're changing.
How do you inherit from a class in C#?
Place a colon and then the name of the base class. Notice that it's double colon in C++.
Does C# support multiple inheritance?
No, use interfaces instead.
When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to?
Derived Classes.
What's the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
System.Object.
How's method overriding different from overloading?
When overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class. Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class.
What does the keyword virtual mean in the method definition?
The method can be over-ridden.
Can you declare the override method static while the original method is non-static?
No, you can't, the signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override.
Can you override private virtual methods?
No, moreover, you cannot access private methods in inherited classes, have to be protected in the base class to allow any sort of access.
Can you prevent your class from being inherited and becoming a base class for some other classes?
Yes, that's what keyword sealed in the class definition is for. The developer trying to derive from your class will get a message: cannot inherit from Sealed class WhateverBaseClassName. It's the same concept as final class in Java.
Can you allow class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Yes, just leave the class public and make the method sealed.
Why can't you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false
impression that you have any freedom of choice, you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it's public by default.
Can you inherit multiple interfaces?
Yes, why not.
And if they have conflicting method names?
It's up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to you. This might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you're
okay.
What's the difference between an interface and abstract class?
In the interface all methods must be abstract, in the abstract class some methods can be concrete. In the interface no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in abstract classes.
How can you overload a method?
Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters.
If a base class has a bunch of overloaded constructors, and an inherited class has another bunch of overloaded constructors, can you enforce a call from an inherited constructor to an arbitrary base constructor?
Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the
inherited class.
What's the difference between System.String and
System.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable, System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.
Does C# support multiple-inheritance?
No, use interfaces instead.
When you inherit a protected class-level variable, who is it available to?
The derived class.
Are private class-level variables inherited?
Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or accessible via the class interface, they are inherited.
Describe the accessibility modifier "protected internal".
It is available to derived classes and classes within the same Assembly (and naturally from the base class it's declared in).
What's the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
System.Object.
What's the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over
System.String?
StringBuilder is more efficient in cases where there is a large amount of string manipulation. Strings are immutable, so each time it's being operated on, a new instance is created.
Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?
No.
What's the .NET class that allows the retrieval of a data element using a unique key?
HashTable.
Will the finally block get executed if an exception has not occurred?
Yes.
What's an abstract class?
A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that must be inherited and have the methods overridden. An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class without any implementation.
When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract?
1. When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract.
2. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been overridden.
What's an interface?
It's an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes.
Why can't you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
They all must be public. Therefore, to prevent you from getting the false impression that you have any freedom of choice,
you are not allowed to specify any accessibility, it's public by default.
What's the difference between an interface and abstract class?
In an interface class, all methods must be abstract. In an abstract class some methods can be concrete. In an interface class, no accessibility modifiers are allowed, which is ok in an abstract class.
How is method overriding different from method overloading?
When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class. Overloading a method simply involves
having another method with the same name within the class.
Can you declare an override method to be static if the original method is non-static?
No. The signature of the virtual method must remain the same, only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override.
Can you override private virtual methods?
No. Private methods are not accessible outside the class.
Can you write a class without specifying namespace? Which namespace does it belong to by default?
Yes, you can, then the class belongs to global namespace which has no name. For commercial products, naturally, you wouldn't want global namespace
What is a formatter?
A formatter is an object that is responsible for encoding and serializing data into messages on one end, and deserializing and decoding messages into data on the other end.
Different b/w .NET & J2EE ?
Differences between J2EE and the .NET Platform
Vendor Neutrality
The .NET platform is not vendor neutral, it is tied to the Microsoft operating systems. But neither are any of the J2EE implementations
Many companies buy into J2EE believing that it will give them vendor neutrality. And, in fact, this is a stated goal of Sun's vision:
A wide variety of J2EE product configurations and implementations, all of
which meet the requirements of this specification, are possible. A portable J2EE application will function correctly when successfully deployed in any of these products. (ref : Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition Specification, v1.3, page 2-7 available at http://java.sun.com/j2ee/)
Overall Maturity
Given that the .NET platform has a three year lead over J2EE, it should be no surprise to learn that the .NET platform is far more mature than the J2EE platform. Whereas we have high volume highly reliable web sites using .NET technologies (NASDAQ and Dell being among many examples)
Interoperability and Web Services
The .NET platform eCollaboration model is, as I have discussed at length, based on the UDDI and SOAP standards. These standards are widely supported by more than 100 companies. Microsoft, along with IBM and Ariba, are the leaders in this area. Sun is a member of the UDDI consortium and recognizes the importance of the UDDI standards. In a recent press release, Sun's George Paolini, Vice President for the Java Community Development, says:
"Sun has always worked to help establish and support open, standards-based technologies that facilitate the growth of network-based applications, and we see UDDI as an important project to establish a registry framework for business-to-business e-commerce
But while Sun publicly says it believes in the UDDI standards, in reality, Sun has done nothing whatsoever to incorporate any of the UDDI standards into J2EE.
Scalability
Typical Comparision w.r.t Systems and their costs
J2EE
Company System Total Sys. Cost
Bull Escala T610 c/s 16,785
$1,980,179
IBM RS/6000 Enterprise Server F80 16,785
$2,026,681
Bull Escala EPC810 c/s 33,375
$3,037,499
IBM RS/6000 Enterprise Server M80 33,375
$3,097,055
Bull Escala EPC2450 110,403
$9,563,263
IBM IBM eServer pSeries 680 Model 7017-S85 110,403
$9,560,594
.NET platform systems
| Company System Dell | Total Sys. PowerEdge 4400 | Cost 16,263 |
| $273,487 Compaq |
ProLiant ML-570-6/700-3P |
20,207 |
| $201,717 Dell |
PowerEdge 6400 |
30,231 |
| $334,626 IBM |
Netfinity 7600 c/s |
32,377 |
| $443,463 |
|
|
| Compaq $3,534,272 | ProLiant 8500-X550-64P | 161,720 |
| Compaq $3,546,582 | ProLiant 8500-X700-64P | 179,658 |
| Compaq | ProLiant 8500-X550-96P | 229,914 |
| $5,305,571 Compaq |
ProLiant 8500-X700-96P |
262,244 |
| $5,305,571 Compaq |
ProLiant 8500-700-192P |
505,303 |
| $10,003,826 |
|
|
Framework Support
The .NET platform includes such an eCommerce framework called Commerce Server. At this point, there is no equivalent vendor-neutral framework in the J2EE space. With J2EE, you should assume that you will be building your new eCommerce solution from scratch
Moreover, no matter what [J2EE] vendor you choose, if you expect a component framework that will allow you to quickly field complete e-business applications, you are in for a frustrating experience
Language
In the language arena, the choice is about as simple as it gets. J2EE supports Java, and only Java. It will not support any other language in the foreseeable future. The .NET platform supports every language except Java (although it does support a language that is syntactically and functionally equivalent to Java, C#). In fact, given the importance of the .NET platform as a language independent vehicle, it is likely that any language that comes out in the near future will include support for the .NET platform.
Some companies are under the impression that J2EE supports other languages. Although both IBM's WebSphere and BEA's WebLogic support other languages, neither does it through their J2EE technology. There are only two official ways in the J2EE platform to access other languages, one through the Java Native Interface and the other through CORBA interoperability. Sun recommends the later approach. As Sun's Distinguished Scientist and Java Architect Rick Cattell said in a recent interview.
Portability
The reason that operating system portability is a possibility with J2EE is not so much because of any inherent portability of J2EE, as it is that most of the J2EE vendors support multiple operating systems. Therefore as long as one sticks with a given J2EE vendor and a given database vendor, moving from one operating system to another should be possible. This is probably the single most important benefit in favor of J2EE over the .NET platform, which is limited to the Windows operating system. It is worth noting, however, that Microsoft has submitted the specifications for C# and a subset of the .NET Framework (called the common language infrastructure) to ECMA, the group that standardizes JavaScript.
J2EE offers an acceptable solution to ISVs when the product must be marketed to non-Windows customers, particularly when the J2EE platform itself can be bundled with the ISV's product as an integrated offering.
If the primary customer base for the ISV is Windows customers, then the
.NET platform should be chosen. It will provide much better performance at a much lower cost.
Client device independence
The major difference being that with Java, it is the presentation tier programmer that determines the ultimate HTML that will be delivered to the client, and with .NET, it is a Visual Studio.NET control.
This Java approach has three problems. First, it requires a lot of code on the presentation tier, since every possible thin client system requires a different code path. Second, it is very difficult to test the code with every possible thin client system. Third, it is very difficult to add new thin clients to an existing application, since to do so involves searching through, and modifying a tremendous amount of presentation tier logic.
The .NET Framework approach is to write device independent code that interacts with visual controls. It is the control, not the programmer, that is responsible for determining what HTML to deliver, based on the capabilities of the client device.. In the .NET Framework model, one can forget that such a thing as HTML even exists!
Sun's J2EE vision is based on a family of specifications that can be implemented by many vendors. It is open in the sense that any company can license and implement the technology, but closed in the sense that it is controlled by a single vendor, and a self contained architectural island with very limited ability to interact outside of itself. One of J2EE's major disadvantages is that the choice of the platform dictates the use of a single programming language, and a programming language that is not well suited for most businesses. One of J2EE's major advantages is that most of the
J2EE vendors do offer operating system portability.
Microsoft's .NET platform vision is a family of products rather than specifications, with specifications used primarily to define points of interoperability. The major disadvantage of this approach is that if is limited to the Windows platform, so applications written for the .NET platform can only be run on .NET platforms. Their are several important advantages to the
.NET platform:
* The cost of developing applications is much lower, since standard business languages can be used and device independent presentation tier logic can be written.
* The cost of running applications is much lower, since commodity hardware platforms (at 1/5 the cost of their Unix counterparts) can be used.
* The ability to scale up is much greater, with the proved ability to support at least ten times the number of clients any J2EE platform has shown itself able to support.
* Interoperability is much stronger, with industry standard eCollaboration built into the platform.
What are the Main Features of .NET platform?
Features of .NET Platform are :- Common Language Runtime
Explains the features and benefits of the common language runtime, a run- time environment that manages the execution of code and provides services that simplify the development process.
Assemblies
Defines the concept of assemblies, which are collections of types and resources that form logical units of functionality. Assemblies are the fundamental units of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security permissions.
Application Domains
Explains how to use application domains to provide isolation between applications.
Runtime Hosts
Describes the runtime hosts supported by the .NET Framework, including
ASP.NET, Internet Explorer, and shell executables.
Common Type System
Identifies the types supported by the common language runtime.
Metadata and Self-Describing Components
Explains how the .NET Framework simplifies component interoperation by allowing compilers to emit additional declarative information, or metadata, into all modules and assemblies.
Cross-Language Interoperability
Explains how managed objects created in different programming languages can interact with one another.
.NET Framework Security
Describes mechanisms for protecting resources and code from unauthorized code and unauthorized users.
.NET Framework Class Library
Introduces the library of types provided by the .NET Framework, which expedites and optimizes the development process and gives you access to system functionality.
What is the use of JIT ?
JIT (Just - In - Time) is a compiler which converts MSIL code to Native Code
(ie.. CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture).
Because the common language runtime supplies a JIT compiler for each supported CPU architecture, developers can write a set of MSIL that can be JIT-compiled and run on computers with different architectures. However, your managed code will run only on a specific operating system if it calls platform-specific native APIs, or a platform-specific class library.
JIT compilation takes into account the fact that some code might never get called during execution. Rather than using time and memory to convert all the MSIL in a portable executable (PE) file to native code, it converts the MSIL as needed during execution and stores the resulting native code so that it is accessible for subsequent calls. The loader creates and attaches a stub
to each of a type's methods when the type is loaded. On the initial call to the method, the stub passes control to the JIT compiler, which converts the MSIL for that method into native code and modifies the stub to direct execution to the location of the native code. Subsequent calls of the JIT-compiled method proceed directly to the native code that was previously generated, reducing the time it takes to JIT-compile and run the code.
What meant of assembly & global assembly cache (gac) & Meta data. Assembly :-- An assembly is the primary building block of a .NET based application. It is a collection of functionality that is built, versioned, and deployed as a single implementation unit (as one or more files). All managed types and resources are marked either as accessible only within their implementation unit, or as accessible by code outside that unit. It overcomes the problem of 'dll Hell'.The .NET Framework uses assemblies as the fundamental unit for several purposes:
Security
Type Identity Reference Scope Versioning Deployment
Global Assembly Cache :-- Assemblies can be shared among multiple applications on the machine by registering them in global Assembly cache(GAC). GAC is a machine wide a local cache of assemblies maintained by the .NET Framework. We can register the assembly to global assembly cache by using gacutil command.
We can Navigate to the GAC directory, C:\winnt\Assembly in explore. In the tools menu select the cache properties; in the windows displayed you can set
the memory limit in MB used by the GAC
MetaData :--Assemblies have Manifests. This Manifest contains Metadata information of the Module/Assembly as well as it contains detailed Metadata of other assemblies/modules references (exported). It's the Assembly
Manifest which differentiates between an Assembly and a Module.
What are the mobile devices supported by .net platform
The Microsoft .NET Compact Framework is designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and embedded devices. The easiest way to develop and test a Smart Device Application is to use an emulator.
These devices are divided into two main divisions:
1) Those that are directly supported by .NET (Pocket PCs, i-Mode phones, and WAP devices)
2) Those that are not (Palm OS and J2ME-powered devices).
What is GUID , why we use it and where?
GUID :-- GUID is Short form of Globally Unique Identifier, a unique 128-bit number that is produced by the Windows OS or by some Windows applications to identify a particular component, application, file, database entry, and/or user. For instance, a Web site may generate a GUID and assign it to a user's browser to record and track the session. A GUID is also used in
a Windows registry to identify COM DLLs. Knowing where to look in the registry and having the correct GUID yields a lot information about a COM object (i.e., information in the type library, its physical location, etc.). Windows also identifies user accounts by a username (computer/domain and username) and assigns it a GUID. Some database administrators even will use GUIDs as primary key values in databases.
GUIDs can be created in a number of ways, but usually they are a combination of a few unique settings based on specific point in time (e.g., an IP address, network MAC address, clock date/time, etc.).
Describe the difference between inline and code behind - which is best in a loosely coupled solution
ASP.NET supports two modes of page development: Page logic code that is written inside runat="server"> blocks within an .aspx file and dynamically compiled the first time the page is requested on the server. Page logic code that is written within an external class that is compiled prior to deployment on a server and linked ""behind"" the .aspx file at run time.
Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
When compiling the source code to managed code, the compiler translates the source into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL). This is a CPU- independent set of instructions that can efficiently be converted to native code. Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) is a translation used as the output of a number of compilers. It is the input to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The Common Language Runtime includes a JIT compiler for the conversion of MSIL to native code.
Before Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) can be executed it, must be converted by the .NET Framework just-in-time (JIT) compiler to native code. This is CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture as the JIT compiler. Rather than using time and memory to convert all of the MSIL in a portable executable (PE) file to native code. It converts the MSIL as needed whilst executing, then caches the resulting native code so its accessible for any subsequent calls
How many .NET languages can a single .NET DLL contain?
One
What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
Server
Whats an assembly?
Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications; they form the fundamental unit of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security permissions. An assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical unit of functionality. An assembly provides the common language runtime with the information it needs to be aware of type implementations. To the runtime, a type does not exist outside the context of an assembly.
How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?
Unlimited.
What is the difference between string and String ?
No difference
What is manifest?
It is the metadata that describes the assemblies.
What is metadata?
Metadata is machine-readable information about a resource, or ""data about data."" Such information might include details on content, format, size, or other characteristics of a data
source. In .NET, metadata includes type definitions, version information, external assembly references, and other standardized information.
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